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Metabolism

Glucose metabolism plays a significant role in cell proliferation, growth, survival, and tumorgenesis. Hormones such as insulin regulate the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Insulin binding to the insulin receptor (IR) activates the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) protein, followed by the activation of PI3K/Akt and Erk1/2 signaling pathways, leads to the translocation of Glut4 vesicles, glucose uptake, cell proliferation and survival. Abnormal insulin signaling is implicated in diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative disease etc.

Serine/threonine kinase AMPK upregulates glucose uptake by promoting the expression and function of glucose transporters. AMPK is activated by increased AMP/ATP ratio, resulting from cellular and environmental stress, e.g. low glucose, heat shock, hypoxia and ischemia. AMPK activation positively modulates signaling transductions that refill ATP levels. Moreover, it also stimulates catabolic processes such as fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis through inhibition of ACC and activation of PFK2. AMPK negatively regulates various proteins which are important to ATP-consuming mechanisms, e.g. mTORC2, glycogen synthase, SREBP-1, and TSC2, causing the downregulation/inhibition of gluconeogenesis and glycogen, lipid and protein synthesis.

Items 51-60 of 443

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  1. Rosiglitazone HCl
    A4310 Rosiglitazone HCl
    Summary: PPARγ agonist
      ≥39.4 mg/mL
  2. PF-4981517
    A4311 PF-4981517
    Summary: CYP3A4 inhibitor,potent and selective
      Soluble in DMSO
  3. Cobicistat (GS-9350)
    A4313 Cobicistat (GS-9350)
    Target: Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)
    Summary: Selective CYP3A inhibitor
      insoluble in H2O; ≥150.9 mg/mL
  4. Ketoconazole
    A4316 Ketoconazole
    Target: Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)
    Summary: Inhibitor of cyclosporine oxidase and testosterone 6 beta-hydroxylase
      ≥23.4 mg/mL
  5. Apremilast (CC-10004)
    A4317 Apremilast (CC-10004)
    Target: Phosphodiesterases (PDEs)
    Summary: PDE4 inhibitor
      ≥23.05 mg/mL
  6. Avasimibe
    A4318 Avasimibe
    Target: Acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferases
    Summary: ACAT inhibitor,orally bioavailable
      ≥25.09 mg/mL
  7. Roflumilast
    A4319 Roflumilast
    Summary: PDE-4 inhibitor
      insoluble in H2O; ≥20.2 mg/mL
  8. Voriconazole
    A4320 Voriconazole
    Summary: CYP51 inhibitor
      ≥34.9 mg/mL
  9. Sildenafil Citrate
    A4321 Sildenafil Citrate
    Target: Phosphodiesterases (PDEs)
    Summary: Treat erectile dysfunction and PAH
      ≥25.35 mg/mL
  10. Clarithromycin
    A4322 Clarithromycin
    Target: Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)
    Summary: CYP3A inhibitor, potent
      ≥31.2 mg/mL

Items 51-60 of 443

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Relate Categories
Category
  1. PPAR 49item
  2. 5-alpha Reductase 3item
  3. 5-Lipoxygenase 11item
  4. Adenosine Deaminase 3item
  5. Aminopeptidase 1 item
  6. C14ɑ demethylase 2item
  7. Carbonic Anhydrase 8item
  8. CETP 4item
  9. Cholesterol absorption 1 item
  10. CPT1 2item
  11. CYP3A/CYP450 17item
  12. Dehydrogenase 35item
  13. DHFR 6item
  14. DGAT 6item
  15. Dopamine β-hydroxylase 6item
  16. Enolase 1 item
  17. FAAH 19item
  18. Factor Xa 3item
  19. Ferroptosis 3item
  20. Folate Analogue 2item
  21. Glucokinase 1 item
  22. HLE 1 item
  23. HMG-CoA Reductase 13item
  24. HSP 24item
  25. IDO 7item
  26. KRAS-PDEδ 3item
  27. Lipid Metabolism 14item
  28. MAO 6item
  29. Neuronal Metabolism 7item
  30. Oxidative Phosphorylation 3item
  31. P450 17item
  32. PDE 54item
  33. Phospholipase 32item
  34. Procollagen C Proteinase 1 item
  35. Saccharometabolism 1 item
  36. SCD 3item
  37. SGLT 7item
  38. TPH 4item
  39. Transferase 21item
  40. Transaminase 1 item
  41. monooxygenase 1 item
  42. PKM2 1 item
  43. aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 item
  44. Squalene synthase 1 item
  45. Hydrolase 10item
  46. ornithine decarboxylase 1 item
  47. Amino acid metabolism 3item
  48. phosphatases 5item
  49. Pyruvate kinase 1 item
  50. Others 4item
  51. MGL 1 item
  52. Galactosidase 1 item
  53. 12-Lipoxygenase 1 item
  54. Dehydrogenase inhibitors 1 item
  55. Lipase inhibitor 1 item
  56. Dehydrogenase inhibitor 1 item
  57. Decarboxylase inhibitor 1 item
Specificity
  1. Selective 79item
  2. Non-Selective 1 item
Reversibility
  1. Reversible 1 item
  2. Irreversible 5item
Target
  1. Acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferases 1 item
  2. Factor Xa 1 item
  3. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) 16item
  4. Thymidylate Synthase 1 item
  5. 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase 1 item
  6. Kynurenine-3-monooxygenase 1 item
  7. RARs 1 item
  8. Aminopeptidases 1 item
  9. Stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase (SCD-1) 2item
  10. HSP90 9item
  11. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) 7item
  12. Ferroptosis 1 item
  13. HMG-CoA Reductases 6item
  14. SGLT 1 item
  15. DGAT 2item
  16. Insulin and Insulin-like Receptors 1 item
  17. Pyruvate dehydrogenases (PDH) 1 item
  18. CETP 2item
  19. Lactate Dehydrogenases (LDH) 3item
  20. Fatty-acid-binding proteins (FABPs) 1 item
  21. Folate Analogue 1 item
  22. IDH2 1 item
  23. Nampt 1 item
  24. Carbonic Anhydrases 3item
  25. Aldehyde Dehydrogenases 2item
  26. Phospholipases 1 item
  27. Inward Rectifier Potassium (Kir) Channels 1 item
  28. Catechol O-Methyltransferase (COMT) 1 item
  29. Hydroxylases 1 item
  30. FPTase 1 item
  31. Tryptophan hydroxylases (TPH) 2item
  32. sodium channel 1 item
  33. PPAR 5item
  34. Ftase 1 item
  35. PC-PLC 1 item
  36. GK 1 item
  37. HMGCR 1 item
  38. adrenergic receptor 1 item
  39. sterol demethylase 1 item
  40. GAPDH 1 item
  41. complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain 1 item
  42. potassium channel 1 item
  43. calcium channel 1 item
  44. FAAH 1 item
  45. carnitine reabsorption 1 item
  46. 5-alpha Reductases 1 item
  47. DHFR 1 item
  48. GARFT 1 item
  49. glutathione peroxidase 4 1 item
  50. S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase 1 item
  51. IDO 1 item
  52. Tph 1 item
  53. epoxide hydrolase 1 item
  54. Cholesterol absorption 1 item
  55. Glycogen Phosphorylases 1 item
Reported Experiments
  1. Animal Experiments 113item
  2. Cell Experiments 92item
Related Disease
  1. Acne 1 item
  2. Acute Kidney Injury 1 item
  3. Acute Myelogenous Leukemia 1 item
  4. Acute Myeloid Leukemia 2item
  5. Bladder Cancer 1 item
  6. Bladder Carcinoma 1 item
  7. Brain Injuries Studies 1 item
  8. Breast Cancer 10item
  9. Cancer 37item
  10. Cervical Cancer 1 item
  11. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia 1 item
  12. Cocaine-Related Disorders 2item
  13. Colon Cancer 1 item
  14. Diabetes 4item
  15. Dyslipidemia 1 item
  16. Epilepsy 2item
  17. Erectile Dysfunction 4item
  18. Fungi 1 item
  19. Glioblastoma 1 item
  20. Glioma 1 item
  21. Hepatic Cancer 1 item
  22. HIV Infections 1 item
  23. Hypercholesterolemia 3item
  24. Inflammation 1 item
  25. Inflammatory Diseases 2item
  26. Kidney Injury Studies 1 item
  27. Leukemia 2item
  28. Lung Cancer 5item
  29. Lymphoma 3item
  30. Melanoma 9item
  31. Multiple Myeloma 3item
  32. Neuroblastoma 3item
  33. Neurocognitive Disorders 1 item
  34. Non-small Cell Lung Cancer 2item
  35. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 1 item
  36. Osteoporosis 1 item
  37. Pancreatic Cancer 2item
  38. Pancreatic Carcinoma 1 item
  39. Prostate Cancer 7item
  40. Psoriasis 3item
  41. Psoriasis Vulgaris 1 item
  42. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension 1 item
  43. Rheumatoid Arthritis 2item
  44. Schizophrenia 2item
  45. Type 2 Diabetes 5item